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A Designer Created The Ultimate Winter Coat With NASA-Inspired Technology

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The Space Jacket

Designed by Steven B. Wheeler, the Space Jacket is a lightweight thermal jacket that was made for space enthusiasts — but instead of being just a typical replica space jacket, it is a completely wearable and well-suited for space.” 

Wheeler, a long time NASA fan, designed the jacket as a tribute to the legacy of American spaceflight. 

"I wanted it to embody everything I loved about the space program, and to eventually serve as an actual flight jacket for present-day astronauts on missions to the ISS (International Space Station)," Wheeler wrote on Betabrand

The jacket was even modeled to look like the exterior of a Space Shuttle with quilted lines of stitching that resemble the paneled surface of a spacecraft. 

The Space Jacket The inside of the jacket is lined with nylon taffeta, which helps to retain radiant body heat and looks like the “foil” multi-layer insulation used on the exterior of satellites. 

The insulation in the jacket is Primaloft Sport, which is a ultra-efficient synthetic insulation that is used to keep a person warm and dry even in extreme conditions. 

The Space Jacket The outer layer is made from Tyvek, a light, breathable, and resilient material made from high-density polyethylene fibers, and was modeled after the EVA (extra-vehicular activity) spacesuits worn by astronauts during actual spacewalks. 

The Space Jacket And for true NASA-enthusiasts, the Space Jacket has a replica of the STS-53 shuttle mission patch, the infamous NASA “worm” logo, and an American flag shoulder patch. 

The Space Jacket Needless to say, this jacket would be the perfect thing to take with you on those possible future space travel expeditions— or just to use on a really chilly day.

The Space Jacket The Space Jacket was successfully funded through Betabrand’s Think Tank crowdfunding campaign. It will cost $265, and is expected to ship in March 2015. 

For more information about the ‘Space Jacket,’ check out the website here

SEE ALSO: The 3 Kinds Of Boots Men Need For Winter

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Amazing Panorama Image Of Mars Snapped From Crater Rim

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mars

NASA's Mars rover Opportunity has captured a gorgeous view of the Red Planet landscape from a perch high on a crater rim.

The Opportunity rover took the photo on Tuesday (Jan. 6) from atop "Cape Tribulation," on the western rim of Endeavour Crater. The summit sits about 440 feet (135 meters) above the surrounding plains — higher than any other point Opportunity has reached since arriving at Endeavour's rim in August 2011, NASA officials said.

"The view is one of the grandest in Opportunity's Martian career of nearly 11 years and more than 25.8 miles (41.6 kilometers)" of driving," NASA officials said in a statement. [Latest Mars Rover Photos from Opportunity & Spirit]

Opportunity and its twin, Spirit, touched down within weeks of each other in January 2004, on three-month missions to search for signs of past water activity on Mars. Both rovers found plenty of such evidence, then kept rolling along well after their warranties expired.

marsSpirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010. Opportunity continues to explore the Red Planet, but the six-wheeled robot is starting to show some signs of old age.

For example, the rover recently began having problems with its flash memory, the type that can store information even when the power is off. Opportunity currently cannot store data and images overnight, when it powers down, so the rover's handlers have been beaming every day's data home before Opportunity tucks in for the night.

But the mission team is testing out some new software that could get the flash memory working again.

"The fix for the flash memory requires a change to the rover's flight software, so we are conducting extensive testing to be sure it will not lead to any unintended consequences for rover operations," Opportunity project manager John Callas, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, said in the same statement.

Opportunity's handlers plan to send the rover southward from its current position, to a site where Mars orbiters have spotted signs that liquid water existed in the area long ago. The targeted spot is called "Marathon Valley," because Opportunity will have logged the equivalent of a marathon (26.2 miles, or 42.2 km) on the Red Planet by the time it gets there, NASA officials said.

Opportunity has driven farther on the surface of another world than any other vehicle. Last year, it broke the previous record of 24.2 miles (39 km), set by the Soviet Union's Lunokhod 2 moon rover back in 1973.

Follow Mike Wall on Twitter @michaeldwall and Google+. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com.

Copyright 2015 SPACE.com, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

CHECK OUT: SpaceX Has Pinpointed The Problem That Caused The Falcon9 Rocket To Crash Land

SEE ALSO: Crazy Image Shows What The Largest Volcano In The Solar System Would Look Like On Earth

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The Sun Just Let Off This Awesome-Looking Solar Flare

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sun flare

The sun unleashed its first significant solar flare of 2015 on Monday night, triggering a short-lived radio blackout for some parts the Earth, space weather experts say.

The mid-sized flare solar flare peaked at 11:24 p.m. EST (0424 GMT) on Jan. 12 and prompted a temporary radio blackout for some regions of the sunlit parts of Earth during that lasted tens of minutes, according to an update from the U.S. Space Weather Prediction Group. NASA's sun-watching Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) captured video of the solar flare in multiple wavelengths of light.

In an image captured by SDO, the bright pop of light can be seen on the upper right side of the sun. Also seen in the image are what appear to be loops of light that rise up out of the sun's surface. These loops are created by the tumultuous magnetic field lines in the sun. The arcing loops connect the negative and positive ends of an active magnetic region.

Solar flares are our solar system's largest explosive events, according to NASA. The Jan. 12 solar flare has been classified as an M5.6-class sun storm.

"M-class flares are a tenth the size of the most intense flares, the X-class flares," according to a statement from NASA."The number provides more information about its strength. An M2 is twice as intense as an M1, an M3 is three times as intense, etc."

Solar flares eject large amounts of photons that can potentially do harm to satellites orbiting the Earth. But the biggest solar threat to human-made technology are coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which can hurl billions of tons of solar matter away from the sun, traveling at several million miles per hour. These powerful particles can damage satellites and spacecraft, and can even do damage to power grids on Earth. Solar flares and CME's are sometimes associated, but can also occur independently.

NASA's SDO satellites are monitoring the sun around the clock, and keep an eye out for threatening solar events. The Jan. 12 solar flare does not appear to be associated with a CME.

Follow Calla Cofield @callacofield. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.

Copyright 2015 SPACE.com, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

READ MORE: Crazy Image Shows How Tiny Earth Is Compared To Our Sun

SEE ALSO: Here's How Many Intelligent Alien Civilizations Might Live In Our Galaxy

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These Are The 2 Big Hurdles To Setting Up A Mars Colony

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mars

Mars is a frozen wasteland devoid of life, liquid water, and breathable atmosphere. So why are companies like SpaceX and Mars One so bent on colonizing such unfriendly territory?

"Human beings have always looked to expand the territory that we can live in," former NASA astronaut Jeffrey A. Hoffman told Business Insider. We spoke with Hoffman at BBC FUTURE's World-Changing Ideas Summit about what it will take to colonize Mars. "You'll find people who are willing to go and live there because they can."

Hoffman is even confident that if we set our minds to it, then we have a good chance of successfully colonizing the Red planet. "Life is always looking for new environmental niches and habitats and often evolves to be able to live there," he said.

Humans must overcome many obstacles between the Mars we know today and establishing a future Mars Metropolis. The two biggest hurdles standing in our way right now are radiation and technology, Hoffman said.

Ruthless Radiation

"The first [hurdle] is the radiation that you're exposed to when you're in deep space and there's a lot of research going on there now," to figure out how to deal with this limitation, Hoffman said.

Since 2008, more than 40 scientists at institutions across the country have been studying what space radiation does to the human body and how to mitigate those effects. Moreover, NASA has established nearly a dozen specialized centers of research in this field.

The sun is primary source of harmful radiation that astronauts would face on their way to Mars. Powerful bursts from the sun called solar flares, like the one shown below, release lethal doses of radiation with the power of 160 billion megatons of TNT.

A solar flare on the sunWe are safe here on Earth because our planet's magnetic field and thick atmosphere protect us from these radiation blasts, but there's no protection in space. During deep space flights, astronauts would be bombarded by dangerous, high-energy radiation, like x-rays and gamma rays, from solar flares.

The human body can handle certain kinds of radiation in small doses, but the longer you are exposed the more likely your body will blow past those "safe" radiation levels into the danger zone. The result is a series of scary symptoms like vomiting, fatigue, changes to white blood cell count, and impaired immune system, all of which could jeopardize an astronaut's ability to do much else.

Long term, radiation exposure will increase astronauts' risk of developing cancer and can also lead to damaged cardiovascular system, eyes, and central nervous system.

In order to colonize Mars, we first need to get there safely and in good health. That's why it's so important that scientists find a way to protect astronauts before they travel anywhere far from Earth, Hoffman said.

"There's various avenues," he explained. "There's new types of radiation shielding. Of course, if we had better rockets, we could get there faster and you wouldn't be exposed to as much radiation. And then there's also genetic investigations that people have different sensitivities to radiation and there may be also pharmacological ways of mitigating the impact of radiation."

Making The Most Of Martian Resources

The second hurdle to colonization, Hoffman said, is the technology that will help humans survive on Mars.

"If you're going to spend any significant amount of time on Mars, you ought to be able to use Martian resources to help survive because it's extremely expensive to bring anything to Mars from Earth."

According to NASA, it costs $10,000 to send a single pound of payload into space. However, the space agency is working on next-generation launch vehicles to be ready for long-term space travel by 2025, and they hope these new vehicles will reduce the price tag down to $100 per pound. Helping push this goal forward is SpaceX's attempts to make rockets reusable, which would save the hundreds of millions of dollars it costs to build a new rocket for every space-bound launch.

mars one colony 2022In addition to the cost, there's the time it takes to send anything to Mars to consider. On average, Earth and Mars are 140 million miles apart. The fastest spacecraft NASA ever launched, the New Horizons mission, left Earth in 2006 traveling through space at 36,000 miles per hour. At that pace, it would take a spacecraft 162 days, 5.5 months, to travel 140 million miles.

With limited space for payloads and long periods of space travel, future Mars colonizers will have to make the most of the resources available on Mars.

"We know that Mars has carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. It has all the elements that we need so we could — in principle — live off the land given sufficient energy and solar energy," Hoffman said. "Maybe set up nuclear reactors or maybe a fusion reactor if we have fusion by that time. That would make a big difference."

A Recipe For Success

MOXIE Hoffman is a principle investigator for an intriguing machine that is scheduled to go to Mars in the next decade aboard NASA's Mars 2020 mission.

Called the Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resources Utilization Experiment, or MOXIE, the instrument is designed to convert carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere into oxygen.

If successful, Hoffman and his colleagues at MIT hope to design an even larger version of MOXIE that they hope could produce enough oxygen to both supply astronauts on long explorations across the Martian surface and be used to fuel rockets that would return astronauts to Earth.

"Given sufficient energy and sufficient chemicals that we have on Mars we could live off the land. And that will be a giant step in actually living on another planet," Hoffman said.

LEARN MORE: NASA Astronaut: Why We Need To Visit The Moon, Not Mars

CHECK OUT: North America Looks Giant Compared To Mars

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NASA Animation Shows How 2014 Became The Hottest Year On Record

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The year 2014 ranks as Earth’s warmest since 1880, according to two separate analyses by NASA and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) scientists.

The 10 warmest years in the instrumental record, with the exception of 1998, have now occurred since 2000. This trend continues a long-term warming of the planet, according to an analysis of surface temperature measurements by scientists at NASA’s Goddard Institute of Space Studies (GISS) in New York.

Video courtesy of NASA

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Europe Wants To Build A Human Colony On The Dark Side Of The Moon

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esa moon

Should we return to the Moon? While Elon Musk, Mars One, and even NASA have their sights set on the Red planet, many think that the Moon is a better option for space exploration.

The European Space Agency (ESA) is one — they just released a new video stating that the Moon is an important and crucial step in mankind's future.

"In the future, the Moon can become a place where the nations of the world can come together to understand our common origins, to build a common future, and to share a common journey beyond. A place where we can learn to move onwards into the solar system," ESA explains in the video "Destination: Moon".

ESA envisions future manned missions to the far side of the Moon — also known as the dark side of the Moon because it never faces the Earth (though it isn't shrouded in darkness at all). This alien landscape is a rugged terrain, scarred with billions of years worth of impact craters, including one of the largest impact craters in the solar system, the South Pole-Aitken basin.

dark side of moonScientists think the crater formed around 4 billion years ago. Inside of this 8.1-mile-deep crater, certain parts are shrouded in perpetual, freezing darkness, but at the crater's rim, shown below, are high, mountainous peaks that bathe in almost-constant sunlight. It's here, on these lunar mountains that ESA plans to send robots and eventually humans.

south pole lunar rim

Mankind has never set foot on the far side of the moon before. The first to investigate this hidden half of the Moon were the Soviets in 1959 when they sent the Luna 3 probe. Luna 3 took 18 resolvable photographs that were compiled into the first published atlas of the far-side of the Moon.

These mountains along the crater's rim are an ideal place to explore because they have "the potential for near continuous solar power and a spectacular view over the rugged and cratered landscape below."

Those aren't the only reasons: In 2009, NASA sent the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite to the Moon's South Pole. The instrument impacted the ground at 5,600 miles per hour and then analyzed the chemical composition of the material below the surface discovering traces of frozen water.

By sending future missions to the Moon we will be able to answer questions like:

  • Is there water elsewhere on the Moon?
  • If so, how much?
  • Where did it come from?
  • And what can it teach us about the origins of water and life on Earth?

If the Moon proves to have an abundant store of water under it surface, then future human generations can use the hydrogen and oxygen atoms for rocket fuel.

"Fuel to propel us further into the solar system and onto the next destination of our journey into the cosmos," the video concludes.

Check out the full video below:

SEE ALSO: NASA Astronaut: Why We Need To Visit The Moon, Not Mars

CHECK OUT: We Asked A NASA Astronaut What His Scariest Moment Was

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NASA Is Auctioning Off Pieces Of Gold That Have Been To Space

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space gold nasa auction 3

A government surplus auction is selling a NASA space artifact that may be worth its weight in gold.

That's because it is gold.

"One lot consisting [of] six 24KT gold plates weighing 6,015.5 grams," the General Services Administration (GSA)listed on its auction website. "These plates were reportedly flown in space for 69 months." [9 Weird Things That Flew on NASA's Space Shuttles]

As of Thursday (Jan. 15), the gold plates had attracted seven bids totaling almost $160,000. The auction ends on Jan. 22.

The GSA listing does not provide many more details about the plates. They are currently the only lot listed under the website's "Shuttle/Hubble" category and originate from NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston. The GSA auction site offers surplus property from many federal agencies, NASA included.

The "69 months," however, may be a clue as to the plates' spaceflight history.

That specific length of time matches exactly how long NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) orbited the Earth. The school-bus-size cylindrical satellite circled the planet from 1984 to 1990, collecting data on the long-term effects of space exposure on different types of materials.

According to NASA, the information learned from the Long Duration Exposure Facility continues to inform spacecraft design to this day.

space gold nasa auctionLaunched on space shuttle Challenger's STS-41C mission on April 6, 1984, LDEF was originally meant to spend less than a year in space. Schedule slips and then the loss of Challenger in January 1986 delayed the satellite's retrieval for 5.7 years.

Ultimately, LDEF was returned to Earth by space shuttle Columbia's STS-32 crew on Jan. 12, 1990 — 25 years ago this week.

LDEF's exterior panels did include gold plates. Mounted on the satellite's trailing edge, the high-purity gold was part of the Chemistry of Micrometeoroids Experiment designed to capture cosmic dust residue and orbital debris particles in hypervelocity impacts. After 69 months in space, the gold plates returned with 199 tiny craters.

According to a summary of the experiment, the plates on the facility measured 7.9 inches by 22.4 inches (20 by 57 centimeters) and were about 0.02 inches (0.05 cm) thick. Those dimensions can be used to calculate the volume and, knowing the density of 24-karat gold, the weight of each plate is derived to be about 1,100 grams, or 6,600 grams for six.

The General Service Administration's photos of the plates show that they are riddled with holes, which could account for their lower mass. The holes may be where researchers extracted the craters for post-flight analysis.

Even if NASA were to confirm the plates were from LDEF, their value as an artifact is not likely to greatly affect their sale price. For comparison, tomato seeds that were flown in space onboard LDEF for the same 69 months sell today on eBay for $50 to $100 per package.

At $160,000, the plates may still be a steal. At the current value of gold, the plates are worth about $240,000 for their metal content alone.

Follow collectSPACE.com on Facebook and on Twitter at @collectSPACE. Copyright 2015 collectSPACE.com. All rights reserved.

CHECK OUT: Europe Wants To Send Humans To The Dark Side Of The Moon

READ MORE: This Photo Proves How Tiny Mars Is

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Obama Tells Astronaut Heading For Year In Space: 'Make Sure To Instagram It'

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Obama State Of The Union

President Barack Obama shared some social media advice for NASA astronaut Scott Kelly in his State of the Union speech on Tuesday night.

Kelly, who is set to spend one year on board the International Space Station starting in March, attended the annual address as a guest of First Lady Michelle Obama.

The president addressed Kelly after noting his "middle class economics" will help "21st century businesses." He touted the "re-energized space program that will send American astronauts to Mars" as evidence of his commitment to innovation. 

Obama praised Kelly's "one-year mission" as an important effort to prepare us for those endeavors. Then he gave Kelly his tip for the trip. 

"Good luck Captain. Make sure to Instagram it," Obama said.

scott kelly Kelly's mission will be the longest any astronaut has spent in space. It is twice the normal length of a stay on the space station and will help NASA see the effects of longterm stays in space on the human body. 

While Kelly is in space, his identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, will participate in a NASA study designed to see how twins' bodies perform in different environments. Mark Kelly, a former astronaut, is the husband of former Arizona congresswoman Gabby Giffords, who became a prominent gun control activist after she was shot in a mass shooting in 2011.  

On board the International Space Station, Kelly will be joined by Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko, who is also staying for a year. According to CNN, Kelly has said he plans to spend much of his time sending emails, watching TV, writing, and using social media. 

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11 Photos That Show Why The SR-71 'Blackbird' Is One Of The Greatest Planes Ever Flown

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When it comes to curb appeal, few airplanes can match the look of the SR-71 “Blackbird.” And nothing in the Air Force’s inventory — past or present — can beat its signature performance characteristics. 

Here are 11 photos that show why the Blackbird remains the standard of aviation cool.

The SR-71 Blackbird was a high-speed, high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft developed by Lockheed’s legendary “Skunk Works” team in the 1960s.

SR71 Blackbird NASA Lockheed Martin

The Blackbird was capable of speeds exceeding Mach 3 (2,200 mph). The fuselage was designed to expand at high speeds, which caused the plane to leak fuel on the ground because the panels fit very loosely when the jet was parked.

Lockheed Martin Blackbird SR 71

The Blackbird’s service ceiling (max altitude) was 85,000 feet, which forced crews to wear pressure suits and astronaut-type helmets.

Lockheed Martin Blackbird SR 71 Colonel Buz Carpenter

SR-71s were manned by two aviators: a pilot and a reconnaissance systems officer, who monitored systems from the rear cockpit.

Lockheed Martin Blackbird SR 71 Rear Pilot

Only 32 Blackbirds were manufactured, and they were in service from 1964 to 1998. Despite over 4,000 combat sorties, none of the planes were lost because of enemy fire. But 12 were destroyed in accidents.

Lockheed Martin Blackbird SR 71 X Planes

Claustrophobic types need not apply. The narrow space between canopy rails didn’t give crews much room to move around. The outer windscreen of the cockpit was made of quartz and was fused ultrasonically to the titanium frame. The temperature of the exterior of the windscreen reached 600 F during a mission.

Lockheed Martin Blackbird SR 71 Pilot Hangar Brakes

There's nothing glass about the Blackbird's cockpit. The SR-71 presented the pilot with a dizzying array of steam gauges and switches. And visibility out the front wasn’t the greatest.

Lockheed Martin Blackbird SR 71 Cockpit

Although not technically a stealth aircraft, the SR-71 was hard for enemy SAM systems to spot because it was designed with a low radar cross section in mind.

Lockheed Martin Blackbird SR 71 Tarmac Take Off

Because of its high approach speed, the Blackbird used a drag chute to slow down on the runway after touchdown.

Lockheed Martin Blackbird SR 71 Chute Landing Parachute Drag

Aerial refueling capability allowed the SR-71 to perform long-range, high-endurance missions.

Lockheed Martin Blackbird SR 71 Refuel KC 135

The Blackbird still holds the record for fastest air-breathing manned aircraft (a record it broke in 1976).

Although the SR-71 is no longer in service, the legend lives on.

Lockheed Martin Blackbird SR 71 Shock Diamonds Dusk

SEE ALSO: This tilt-rotor aircraft could be the future of the US Army's helicopter fleet

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Mysterious White Spot On Dwarf Planet Ceres Has Astronomers Baffled

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Ceres HST Dawn

There's a big white spot on Ceres and we don't know what it is. We've known about the white spot since the Hubble Space Telescope first captured images of it in 2003 and 2004, and in subsequent images taken by Hubble, the spot remains visible. Now, in images released yesterday from the Dawn spacecraft, currently on approach to Ceres, the spot remains. In the animated image, below, the spot almost seems to glint in the sunlight.

What is it?

One of the most anticipated aspects the Dawn spacecraft being in orbit around Ceres HAS to be finding out what this spot is. It could be ice, it could be a cryovolcano or geysers, or it could be something else. But we do know fairly certain that it is a real feature and not an image artifact, since it shows up in most of the recent Hubble images and now the Dawn images.

ceresPlanetary scientists have long suspected that water ice may be buried under Cere's crust. A few things point to subsurface ice: the density of Ceres is less than that of the Earth's crust, and because the surface bears spectral evidence of water-bearing minerals. Scientists estimate that if Ceres were composed of 25 percent water, it may have more water than all the fresh water on Earth. Ceres' water, unlike Earth's, would be in the form of water ice and located in the mantle, which wraps around the asteroid's solid core.

And then last year, the Herschel space telescope discovered water vapor around Ceres, and the vapor could be emanating from water plumes — much like those that are on Saturn's moon Enceladus – or it could be from cryovolcanism from geysers or icy volcanoes. Without huge a planet or satellite nearby tugging on it, the mechanism for how Ceres is active is also intriguing.

ceresSome scientists also think Ceres may have an ocean and possibly an atmosphere.

As we discussed in our article yesterday, with all that water potentially at Ceres, could it theoretically host microbial life? Some scientists have hinted that Ceres and other icy bodies could be a possible source for life on Earth, another intriguing proposition.

Yesterday, I asked Dawn scientist Paul Schenk what other factors would have to be present in order for microbial life to have arisen on Ceres.

"The presence of carbon molecules is often regarded as necessary for life," he replied,” and we think we see that on the surface spectroscopically in the form of carbonates and clays. So, I think the questions will be, whether there is actually liquid water of any kind, whether the carbon compounds are just a surface coating or in the interior, and whether Ceres has ever been warm. If those are true then some sort of prebiotic or biotic activity is in play."

And we'll soon find out more about this intriguing dwarf planet.

ceresAs the deputy principal investigator for Dawn, Carol Raymond said following the Herschel water vapor discovery, "We've got a spacecraft on the way to Ceres, so we don't have to wait long before getting more context on this intriguing result, right from the source itself."

NASA says that Dawn's images will surpass Hubble's resolution at the next imaging opportunity, which will be at the end of January.

The spacecraft arrives at Ceres on March 6, when it will be captured into orbit. The images will continue to improve as the spacecraft spirals closer to the surface during its 16-month study of the dwarf planet. Dawn will eventually be about 1,000 times closer to Ceres than it was for the images released yesterday and therefore will provide 1,000 times as much detail. Dawn at Ceres is primarily a mapping mission, so it will map the geology and chemistry of the surface in high resolution.

It should reveal the processes that drive the outgassing activity, and it should reveal how much water this dwarf planet holds.

And it should reveal the mystery of that white spot.

READ MORE: A Crazy New Theory Suggests That Our Galaxy Is A Giant Worm Hole — Here's What The Experts Say

SEE ALSO: The Incredible Discovery Of The Oldest Depiction Of The Universe Was Almost Lost To The Black Market

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There's A Really Big Asteroid Approaching Earth — Here's How To Watch

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asteroid broken up

NASA scientists are excited about a large asteroid hurtling toward Earth at 35,000 mph.

The giant space rock, dubbed 2004 BL86, measures five football fields across, and it will be making its closest approach to Earth on Monday, Jan. 26, at 11:20 a.m. ET when it will be 745,000 miles away.

Even though asteroids are notorious home wreckers, NASA says don't panic.

"While it poses no threat to Earth for the foreseeable future, it's a relatively close approach by a relatively large asteroid, so it provides us a unique opportunity to observe and learn more," Don Yeomans, the manager of NASA's Near Earth Object Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said in a statement.

Humans won't see another asteroid this large shave by Earth for another 12 years. The next one will be asteroid 1999 AN10, in 2027.

The best time to see the asteroid will be early next week.

When And How To Watch

The asteroid will be brightest between 11:07 p.m. and 11:52 p.m. ET on Monday, Jan. 26, according to TheWatchers.

Although the asteroid will be too faint to see with the naked eye, observers can spot it with a small telescope or a pair of strong binoculars. According to IFLScience, the asteroid will be passing through the constellations of Hydra, Cancer, and Leo over the course of the night. 

"I may grab my favorite binoculars and give it a shot myself," Yeomans said in the statement. "Asteroids are something special. Not only did asteroids provide Earth with the building blocks of life and much of its water, but in the future, they will become valuable resources for mineral ores and other vital natural resources."

If you can't gain access to a telescope or binoculars, or your skies are too cloudy, you can watch the asteroid approach live online. Slooh, the live online observatory, will broadcast the event starting at 11:00 a.m. ET on Monday, Jan. 26.

The broadcast, provided below, will include commentary from experts including Paul Chodas, manager of JPL's Near-Earth Object Program Office, and Lance Benner, NASA Research Scientist.

Learning More

Asteroid 2004 BL86 was first spotted in 2004. Because of its orbital path and size, the asteroid is on Earth's most wanted listed of Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs). This doesn't mean the asteroid will hit Earth; it means it has the potential to do so. NASA has found 1,537 PHAs so far, none of which have posed a significant danger to Earth.

asteroid

In 1908, an asteroid only 120 feet across hit Earth and wiped out a part of a Russian forest the size of the city of London. The damage an asteroid the size of 2004 BL86 would be much worse, which is why scientists are on the look-out.

As the comet approaches Earth, NASA scientists will be watching and collecting data.

"At present, we know almost nothing about the asteroid, so there are bound to be surprises," said radar astronomer Lance Benner of JPL in the statement.

Since asteroid 2004 BL86 won't be returning to Earth for another 200 years, scientists are making the most of this opportunity.

They plan to observe the asteroid in multiple wavelengths, including with large radio dishes at NASA's Deep Space Network in Goldstone, California, and the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico.

The dishes emit radio waves that hit the asteroid and bounce back to Earth. Astronomers analyze the returning signal, which can reveal information about the asteroid's shape, rotation, and internal density.

CHECK OUT: A Crazy New Theory Suggests That Our Galaxy Is A Giant Worm Hole — Here's What The Experts Say

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These Are Humanity's Options When Earth Becomes Unliveable

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wormhole interstellar

Some climatologists argue it may be too late to reverse climate change, and it's just a matter of time before the Earth becomes uninhabitable – if hundreds of years from now. The recent movie Interstellar raised the notion that we may one day have to escape a dying planet.

As astrophysicists and avid science fiction fans, we naturally find the prospect of interstellar colonization intriguing and exciting. But is it practical, or even possible? Or is there a better solution?

Science fiction has painted a certain picture of space travel in popular culture. Drawing on stories of exploration from an age of tall ships, with a good helping of anachronisms and fantastical science, space exploration is often depicted in a romantic style: a crew of human travelers in high-tech ships wandering the Galaxy, making discoveries and reporting back home.

Perhaps they even find habitable words, some teeming with life (typically humans with different-colored skin), and they trade, colonize, conquer or are conquered. Pretty much, they do as humans have always done since the dawn of their time on Earth.

How close do these ideas resemble what we may be able to achieve in the next few hundred years? The laws of physics and the principles of engineering will go a long way to helping us answer this question.

Nature's speed limit

Nature has given us a speed limit. We call it the speed of light – about 186,000 miles per second – because we first noticed this phenomenon by studying the properties of light, but it is a hard upper limit on all relative speeds. So, if it takes light one year to get somewhere, we can't possibly get there sooner than one year.

star trek starship enterpriseThere is also the fact that the universe is big, really big. It takes light about eight minutes to get to our Sun, three years to get to the next-nearest star, 27,000 years to get to the center of our own Galaxy and more than 2,000,000 years to get to the next galaxy. The amazing thing about these distances is that, as far as the universe is concerned, this is all in the neighborhood.

The vast distances between solar systems combined with the speed-of-light limit puts severe constraints on the realities of space travel. Every space-based science fiction writer has to decide early on how to deal with this white elephant standing proudly in the room.

Much of the more recent science fiction employs some form of "worm hole" or "warping space": bending the four-dimensional structure of space and time to create shortcuts between two spatial locations in the universe.

Such possibilities have been analyzed with some mathematical rigor, and although the studies are tantalizing, they show that these methods cannot work unless we discover a form of matter that behaves very differently than anything we have ever seen.

Nature’s speed limit – light – means it's unlikely we'll be able to hop in a space ship and roam the galaxy. Until we develop 'warp' technology, that is Shutterstock

Limits of propulsion

Practical space propulsion systems available today and for the foreseeable future are based on Newton's laws. In order to move forward, we have to throw something backwards or get hit by something moving forward. It turns out that even using the best propulsion systems available, there is not enough mass in the entire Universe to propel even a single human being up to half the speed of light. Even relative speeds of 0.01% of the speed of light start to get prohibitively expensive.

Things look slightly better with advanced propulsion concepts such as thermonuclear propulsion, but optimistic near-future designs still top out at a few percent of the speed of light.

Finding a habitat for humanity

Large distances combined with low speeds means that exploration is going to take time. Astrobiologists tell us that our galaxy has no shortage of habitable worlds: estimates range from at least 1 every 10,000 stars to as many as 1 every 10 stars. Even so, given the vast distances between stars and the low speeds achievable by realistic spacecraft, you should plan on voyages between worlds taking centuries to millennia.

Mars Excursion Consider also what is meant by a “habitable world.” To an astrobiologist, this means a planet with water oceans orbiting a sun-like star. But habitability by humans requires more than just water, and the chances that ordinary humans could simply step out and populate such a world is slim. The atmosphere and living ecosystem of Earth is the result of its own unique evolutionary history, one that is unlikely to occur coincidentally on any other planet.

Despite its current problems, the Earth is still far closer to the ideal that our species grew up in than any world we are likely to discover out in the Galaxy. Climatologists warn us of the devastation that could result from increasing the carbon dioxide in our atmosphere by less than a tenth of a percent. Compared to that, another living world, with its own unique ecology, would most likely have an environment that is unbreathable and infertile at best, lethally toxic at worst.

Terraforming, or modifying such a world to be habitable to humans, would require reconstructing its atmosphere and biosphere practically from scratch, eradicating any native ecosystem. This would be a task orders of magnitude more challenging than the relatively minor tweaks needed to restore the Earth's environment to a pristine state.

Artificial worlds

Perhaps a more fundamental question, then, is why humans would wish to colonize other worlds. Given the centuries-long treks between stars, interstellar voyagers would necessarily have moved beyond the need for a planet to support their lifestyle: their vessels would be their habitat, autonomous and self-sufficient. They would not have to seek out new homes, they would build them.

From an economic standpoint, this would be vastly more resource-efficient than converting entire planets. NASA-sponsored researchers have developed detailed plans for spinning habitats that could accommodate tens or hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, from material that could be mined on site from an asteroid a few hundred meters across. This type of construction would avoid one of the major expenses of space colonization: the cost of lifting millions of tons of building materials into space.

Since our Solar system contains millions of such asteroids, they could support a population many times that of Earth, in air-conditioned comfort, with a fraction of the effort and none of the exotic technologies envisioned to terraform Mars, for example.

sci fi

So why travel the stars?

Ultimately, travel to other stars and colonization of other planets will be driven not by need, but by desire: the intellectual impulse to explore strange new worlds, and perhaps an aesthetic preference for “natural” (albeit engineered) environments.

Where do we go now? The commercialization of space flight promises to bring the cost of space travel down considerably, from tens of thousands of dollars per kilogram to just hundreds of dollars per kilogram, through economies of scale and reusable rockets. This means that space will be more accessible to more and more people.

Already the lure of asteroid resources has fueled commercial competition. A single kilometer-sized metallic asteroid could supply hundreds of times the total known worldwide reserves of nickel, gold and other valuable metals. Space-based solar power could provide limitless renewable energy – once the cost of construction in space becomes manageable.

The hyper-exponential growth that we have seen in other areas like automobiles and computers can now take place for space technology. The physical realities described above paint a very clear picture of the near future: orbital habitats perfectly designed for our lifestyle using resources obtained from our Sun, Earth, and the asteroids.

So if Earth ever become uninhabitable, we won't need to traverse the stars to find a new home. Orbital habitats will require a significant expansion of space industry, but this will happen soon enough, especially if we are forced to leave the planet for a little while so it can recover from our mistreatment.

Of course, if we discover warp drive, the picture will be entirely different.

This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.

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Watch A Huge Asteroid Fly By Earth

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Broken asteroid dinosaur belt

Monday at 11:30 a.m. Eastern time, an asteroid, large enough to cover five American football fields, will fly closer to Earth than it ever has in recorded history.

"While it poses no threat to Earth for the foreseeable future, it's a relatively close approach by a relatively large asteroid, so it provides us a unique opportunity to observe and learn more," Don Yeomans, the manager of NASA's Near Earth Object Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said in a statement.

Watch Live

Since the asteroid will be closest during the daytime, the best way to watch it will be through one of the virtual observatories. There will be three offering live broadcasts of the asteroid as it flies by Earth:

Slooh will begin broadcasting on Monday, Jan. 26, at 11 a.m. Eastern time. Their live feed is provided below and will include commentary from experts including Paul Chodas, manager of JPL's Near-Earth Object Program Office, and Lance Benner, NASA research scientist.

The Virtual Telescope Project will begin broadcasting on Monday at 2:30 p.m. and will also provide real-time images with live commentary by their scientific staff.

Bareket Observatory's Internet-Telescope will have a live broadcast of the asteroid moving across the sky. Its broadcast will begin on Tuesday at 1:30 p.m. Eastern time.

The asteroid will also be visible in the sky Monday and Tuesday night. Although it will be too faint to see with the naked eye, observers can spot it with a small telescope or a pair of strong binoculars, weather permitting.

The asteroid will be brightest between 11:07 p.m. and 11:52 p.m. on Monday, according to TheWatchers.

Here's what it will look like in the night sky on Monday and Tuesday night about three hours after sunset:

The details

The asteroid is traveling at 35,000 mph and will come to within 745,000 miles from Earth. That's more than three times further than the distance to the moon. Humans won't see another asteroid this large shave by Earth for another 12 years. The next one will be asteroid 1999 AN10, in 2027.

Here's an animation of the asteroid's path through space compared to Earth's:

Asteroid2004BL86Asteroid 2004 BL86 was first spotted in 2004. Because of its orbital path and size, the asteroid is on Earth's most wanted listed of Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs). This doesn't mean the asteroid will hit Earth; it means it has the potential to do so. NASA has found 1,537 PHAs so far, none of which have posed a significant danger to Earth.

asteroid

In 1908, an asteroid only 120 feet across hit Earth and wiped out a part of a Russian forest the size of the city of London. The damage an asteroid the size of 2004 BL86 would be much worse, which is why scientists are on the lookout.

Since asteroid 2004 BL86 won't be returning to Earth for another 200 years, scientists are making the most of this opportunity.

As the comet approaches Earth, NASA scientists will be watching and collecting data.

JPL astronomer Lance Benner said, "At present, we know almost nothing about the asteroid, so there are bound to be surprises."


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There's A Giant Lava Lake In Iceland

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Satellite imagery of the new lava flow in Iceland

Sometimes Iceland really lives up to its name. For instance, in the picture above, the entire country is basically covered in snow and ice. With one notable exception.

See that big black dot in the middle? No, not in the lower left--that's the largest natural lake in Iceland, Lake Þingvallavatn, which is a favorite for snorkelers and scuba divers. We're talking about the beauty mark in the center-right, which is an absolutely massive lava flow originating from a fissure of the volcano Bárðarbunga.

It might not look like much from that angle, but there's a lot going on in there. Here it is in an image taken by NASA on January 3, where you can see the lava lakes and steam rising from the eruption:

holuhraun Lava Field, January 3, 2015

As of January 18, when the picture at the top was taken by NASA's MODIS instrument, the lava field measured 84.6 square kilometers in size, or about the area of Manhattan. It has already eclipsed the size of Lake Þingvallavatn. Just so you can make a full comparison, here is an image of Iceland taken in the winter of 2004:

Iceland 2004

Erik Klemetti over at Wirednotes that the lava field, which has been referred to as Holuhraun, will probably be getting a new name soon. Holuhraun is technically the name of the older lava field that this one is superseding. By law, the local community in Iceland gets to decide what the name of the new feature will be.

And just because it's great, here's a picture of the eruption from September 2014, just a month after Holuhraun Part 2 began erupting:

Iceland Eruption

This article originally appeared on Popular Science

This article was written by Mary Beth Griggs from Popular Science and was legally licensed through the NewsCred publisher network.

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The World's Militaries Use These Amazing Vehicles To Get Rid Of Snow

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Winter Storm Juno turned out to be more of a dud than a "historic blizzard" for New York City. But snow plows throughout the North Eastern United States are still steadily clearing away snowfall ranging from a few inches to more than two feet in parts of New England. 

Snow isn't just a challenge for cities and local governments. It also has the capacity to majorly affect military operations. So militaries across the world have utilized some amazing snow plows in order to keep things running in tough alpine conditions.

Below, we have identified some of the most impressive plows through history. 

In the 1930s, the German government started adding plows to its 120-horsepower Bussing-NAG trucks. These trucks proved useful during World War II as they helped to clear supply lines and allowed for troop transport.

German Büssing-NAG

The US likewise equipped its Chevy trucks with plows to allow continued operations throughout WWII. This 1942 Chevy Army Truck still functions as a plow.

1942 Chevy Army Truck

As smaller vehicles became more powerful, so did their ability to function as plows. Here is a US Military HMMWV Humvee equipped with a plow in Kosovo during EU peacekeeping operations. 

Humvee Snow Plow

Some vehicles have also been designed to measure road slipperiness. Here, a NASA friction tester tests the friction of a runway at Langley Air Force Base. The fifth-wheel in the back measures how much ice is present on the runway based on how easily it spins. 

Surface Friction Tester

Airports and Air Force bases have a need for substantially bigger plows than roads do. Here, an Overaasen RS-400 Runway Sweeper clears snow from Dover Air Force Base, Del. in front of C-5M Super Galaxies. The RS-400 can clear330,000 square yards of snow an hour. >

Military Snow Plow

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That Mountain-Sized Asteroid That Flew By Earth On Monday Has A Tiny Little Moon

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asteroid

At 11:19 a.m. ET, Jan. 26, Earth had a close encounter with an asteroid, called 2004 BL86.

NASA scientists knew it was coming but as the large space rock approached, they saw something they did not expect: a tiny moon.

Scientists at NASA's Deep Space Network antenna in Goldstone, California took 20 images of the asteroid as it came to within 745,000 miles from Earth — about three times farther than the distance to the Moon. Put their images together and you get this nice gif that clearly shows the asteroid's small companion moon:

asteroid Although NASA has mapped 2004 BL86's path through our solar system in detail, they were surprised to see the moon, which seems to be about 230 feet across. This is small compared to the asteroid, which measures 1100 feet across and has a large enough area to cover five football fields.

asteroid w/ moon An asteroid with a moon is not entirely uncommon. In fact, scientists think that about 16% of asteroids— greater than 655 feet across — have one moon and sometimes even two.

According to NASA calculations, we won't be seeing this asteroid come by Earth again for another 200 years.

Therefore, to make the most of this close encounter, the scientists using the Deep Space Network antennas will continue firing radio waves at the asteroid until Feb. 1, according to planetary astronomer Michael Busch based at the SETI Institute.

These low-energy waves cannot penetrate the rock and are reflected off the rock and can be detected back on Earth to give us more detail about the asteroid.

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NASA Just Released The Best Images Of A Dwarf Planet We've Ever Seen

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dawn spacecraft

NASA's Dawn Spacecraft will be the first time that humans visit a dwarf planet in the outer solar system — the spacecraft is set to arrive in early March.

On its journey Dawn is snapping pictures of the distant object — and NASA has just released the sharpest images yet.

Dwarf planets are, by definition, half planets. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union defined a planet to be an object that must be both spherical in shape and large enough so that its gravity attracts small, nearby objects, essentially cleaning its local environment.

Although Ceres is round, it is located in the midst of a very crowded neighborhood called the asteroid belt, which is a band of countless dust and rock of all sizes that float between Mars and Jupiter.

And while Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt, comprising one-third of its total mass, the dwarf planet is still extremely small when compared to Earth or even the Moon. The planet is about as big as the state of Texas.

Ceres comparisonBecause the planet is so small, it's really hard to get a good image of it. The Hubble Space Telescope got this show of Ceres in 2004, but the image isn't clear and very pixelated:

ceres by hubbleAs dawn approaches, she's captured better images of the dwarf planet. This shot from Dawn was taken on Jan. 25, while the spacecraft was still 147,000 miles away:

ceresOn Jan. 25, Dawn finally got close enough to ceres to have a better view than Hubble did way back in 2004. While the spacecraft was 147,000 miles away, it took shots that are 30% sharper than Hubble's photos, which were taken at a distance of 150 million miles.

NASA combined the images to make the animation shown below. This may look similar to earlier images of the dwarf planet, but if you check out the region toward south pole, you'll see more contrast between light and dark that indicates the presence of divots and craters like those on the Moon.

ceres Even at a distance of 147,000 miles, these new images are already teaching scientists about Ceres. "We are already seeing areas and details on Ceres popping out that had not been seen before," Carol Raymond, deputy principal investigator of the Dawn mission, said in a NASA statement. "Data from this mission will revolutionize our understanding of this unique body."

Some of the many questions researchers have about Ceres include: What the hell is that white spot? The strange white spot on Ceres is one of the mysteries that scientists hope to solve once Dawn reaches Ceres in early March.

They also want to investigate why the dwarf planet is spewing jets of water vapor into space — a discovery made last year. It suggests that the dwarf planet could harbor vast amounts of water in the form of solid ice beneath its surface. In fact, if Dawn finds that Ceres is composed of 25% fresh water, then astronomers estimate that it would actually harbor more fresh water than on Earth.

Chris Russell, the principal investigator for the Dawn mission and researcher at the University of California, Los Angeles, said in a NASA statement: "With the help of Dawn and other missions, we are continually adding to our understanding of how the solar system began and how the planets were formed."

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These Mind-Blowing New Images From NASA Reveal The Invisible Universe

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nasa images

In honor of the United Nations' marking 2015 as the International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies, NASA has released a series of stunning new images of the cosmos.

The mind-blowing images below show us wispy remnants of stars that exploded long ago and distant galaxies with energetic supermassive black holes at their centers.

What makes this set so interesting is that some of these distant cosmological marvels are invisible to the human eye. In order to create the beautiful pictures shown to the right, NASA has combined the light detected from several different telescopes.

The reason astronomers study light with different wavelengths and energies is because this technique illuminates the universe in ways that would otherwise remain hidden. And the more they see, the more astronomers can understand the cosmos.

What humans see is only a very small part of what scientists call the electromagnetic spectrum. This spectrum encompasses all forms of radiation — energy that moves through space. The term "visible light" refers to the part of the spectrum that we can see:

Electromagnetic spectrumNASA'S different space telescopes all pick up electromagnetic radiation from different parts of this spectrum:

  • Chandra X-ray Observatory detects X-rays
  • Galaxy Evolution Explorer detects ultra-violet rays
  • Hubble Space Telescope detects visible light
  • Spitzer Space Telescope detects infrared light

NASA also uses telescopes on the ground like the Australia Telescope Compact Array, which detects radio waves, and the Digital Sky Survey, which (like Hubble) detects visible light.

Most of the pictures below are not what you would actually see if you were looking through a powerful telescope. In order to study objects in different wavelengths, astronomers convert the non-visible parts of the spectrum into colors like purple, blue, and red, which you see in the images below.

Star Bones

Astronomers can study the bones of stars that exploded in a brilliant light show, called a supernova, millions of years ago.

This image of a supernova remnant, called SNR 0519-69.0, is more than 163,000 light years away in a nearby galaxy called the Large Magellanic Cloud.

X-ray & Optical Images of SNR E0519-69.0If you could hop on a spaceship and travel to this gaseous nebula, you might be disappointed. That's because the image above is not what you would see in reality.

Below is a gif of the two real images — one of visible light from Hubble (which is what you could see through a telescope) and one of X-rays from Chandra— and then the final composite image. It's amazing how NASA is able to combine them to create the final composite piece, using the special abilities of each individual telescope:

hubble5

A Star Without A Pulse

The supernova remnant, called MSH 11-62, is a bit of a mystery. Judging from its shape, astronomers suspect that there is a rapidly rotating, extremely dense star, called a pulsar, toward the top of this cloud of gas.

Pulsars emit powerful pulses of high-energy radiation and that, together with their spinning rotation, produces a signature-shaped, elongated cloud, like the one in the composite below. But astronomers have yet to detect any pulses within the distant nebula.X-ray, Optical & Radio Images of MSH 11-62This false-color image is made from images created by the Chandra in X-rays (blue), the Digitized Sky Survey in visible light, and the Australia Telescope Compact Array in radio waves (purple).

Radio waves are lower in energy than visible light or X-rays, so they're good for detecting low-temperature gas, which shows up in the purple image below:

hubble1

Millennia In The Making

About 2,000 years ago, ancient Chinese astronomers recorded a "guest star" that seemingly appeared out of nowhere and remained visible for eight months. Modern astronomers suspect that this guest star was a supernova and that the composite image below is the left-over guts of what remains of that star.

X-ray & Optical Images of RCW 86The false-color picture above is made from combining a Hubble shot in visible light and a Chandra image in the X-ray part of the spectrum (blue/purple). See how NASA puts these two images together in the animation below:

hubble4

Hungry, Hungry Black Holes

Located 700 million light years from Earth is the Cygnus A galaxy. This is a fascinating example of the power of supermassive black holes. Cygnus A is known as an active galaxy because the supermassive black hole at its center is emitting large amounts of radiation into space, which this image highlights in blue and red.

Cygnus AIn reality, this galaxy looks nothing like the image above. But with the help of Chandra and NSF's Very Large Array radio telescope, astronomers can see the dynamic nature of this galaxy's center.

The false-color image above is made from three photos taken by Chandra in X-rays (blue), NSF's Very Large Array in radio waves (red), and Hubble in visible light. (Here, red is a false color and not what you would see in reality, unlike the true red color in the earlier Hubble image of SNR 0519-69.0.)

Check out the stark contrast in temperature of the hot X-rays around the center versus the low-temperature gas that the black hole has ejected millions of light years away.

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The Most Picturesque Of All?

Last but not least is one of the most picturesque galaxies in the universe: the Whirlpool galaxy. This galaxy floats in space 21 million light years from Earth and is part of a class of galaxies called spiral galaxies because of their distinct spiral arms swirling out from the center.

whirlpool galaxySpiral galaxies are particularly interesting to astronomers because our home galaxy, the Milky Way, is also a spiral galaxy. Learning more about other spiral galaxies gives insight to our own.

The false-color image above is made from four photos taken by Chandra in X-rays (purple), the Galaxy Evolution Explorer in in ultraviolet (blue), Hubble in visible light (green), and the Spitzer Space Telescope in the infrared (red).

Astronomers study objects in infrared (red) wavelengths because, as with radio waves, infrared shows low-temperature gas. At higher energies, in ultra-violet (blue) wavelengths, astronomers can detect pockets of star formation.

With that in mind, check out the level of activity at the galaxy's center in all of the images below: The infrared indicates that there's a great deal of dust around the center; the ultra-violet points to bright spots of star formation; visible light shows dark patches where gas is blocking the light; and the X-rays highlight blazing-hot gas, which the supermassive black hole at the center is shooting off into space.

hubble3Without instruments like Chandra, Hubble, Spitzer, and many more, astronomers would understand very little about our universe.

 

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NASA Has Plans To Fly A Helicopter On Mars

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mars helicopter

Driving a rover on Mars is useful for studying the planet's rock chemistry and hunting for ancient life, but none of the rovers we've sent to the Red Planet have traveled very far. That's because the Martian surface is riddled with bumpy, rocky, hilly terrain that the rovers cannot see until they're practically face-to-face with an obstacle.

Scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory are hoping to pave a clearer path for future rovers with their design of a future Mars Helicopter. The copter would spend most of its time resting atop the rover, but when it came time to fly, it would scout distant terrain, offering scientists a birds-eye view that would help them choose the clearest, fastest path to drive, or the most interesting terrain to explore with on-board tools.

The helicopter could "potentially triple the distance these vehicles currently drive in a Martian day, and deliver a new level of visual information for choosing which sites to explore," JPL wrote in a statement.

Here's an example of how the drone can navigate a rover around an obstacle: If the rover is stuck behind a hill, like in the animation below, then the copter can detect all of the possible directions the rover can move to get around the hump, which are highlighted in yellow. Furthermore, a helicopter could potentially spot a hill like this before the rover gets to it, and therefore prevent the scenario shown below from happening:

nasa helicopterThe design includes a solar panel, like in the image below, which could generate enough energy for the machine to fly and scout the area for up to three minutes a day. In that time, it could and travel up to one-third of a mile in far less time than it would take the rover to cover the same distance.

Screen Shot 2015 01 26 at 9.39.41 PM Right now, the helicopter is in the preliminary stages of testing and there's no guarantee that it will make it to Mars. The first big step to sending the tiny fly-bot to Mars is to ensure it can generate enough lift to actually fly on Mars. After that, landing is key.

The Big Problem With Flying On Mars

Flying on Mars is very different than on Earth because Earth-bound flying machines use wings and a motor to generate air pressure and lift.

For example, most airplane and helicopter blades have a specific shape, called airfoil where the blade's shape allows air to flow more easily above the blade than below it. The slow air under the blade creates upward pressure, pushing the drone to lift off.

But in a thin atmosphere, like that on Mars, this method of lift off is tricky. Because Mars's atmosphere is 100 times less dense than Earth's, "you have to spin even faster, or get bigger rotor blades, or get lighter," explains JPL Mechanical Engineer Mike Meacham in a video on the Institute's project.

Right now, the team's design involves a prototype that weighs 2.2 pounds and has blades that span 3.6 feet. Over the last year, they've been testing it in JPL's vacuum chamber, which can create atmospheric pressures similar to those on Mars.

nasa copter While the robot can fly, it's a little hard to control, especially when it comes to sticking the landing. With such a delicate, light-weight device, a hard landing could ruin everything.

"This thing's going to take off every day and land every day," Bob Balaram, JPL's chief engineer for their Mobility and Robotics Systems, said in a video. "We want to make sure we have a bullet-proof landing system and landing is the riskiest part of any mission... We [would] have 7 seconds of terror everyday."

Check out JPL's full video below:

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A 1,100-Ft Wide Asteroid And Its Orbiting Moon Just Zoomed Past Earth

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